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Tuesday, March 4, 2014
αံေαα ααၤာ ( αα္းαြα္ ၊αွα္ α‘ာαိα α₯αံαီ )
Friday, February 28, 2014
αုααΆαာαာ α‘ေျααံ (α₯ီးျαα့္ေαႊ -ေαာα္αူ)
| αုααΆ ααားα‘ားαံုးαုိ ααာααူ αုိα္αိုα္αα္ျαα့္ αိေαာ αုαၢိဳα္αုိ αုααΆ αုေαααα္ ။ |
| αုααΆαာαာαα္ αုααΆျαα္α ြာေαာαΎαားαားαα့္α‘αိုα္း ( αာααာ =α‘αံုးα‘α ) α်α့္αΎαံေααိုα္αူေαြαုိ αုααΆαာαာαα္ αု ေαααα္ ။ |
( αုααΆျαα္α ြာαြα့္ေαာ္αူေαာ α‘ိႏα΅ိαျαα္αွာ ျαααΌααါα αုိαေαααဲ့ αိαα΅ဴαာαာαုိ α‘α်ားαံုး αိုးαြα္αΎααα္ ။)
| αုααΆαာαာ αာ αိႏα·ဴαာαာα αα္းαα္αာαာααုα္αဲ့α‘ျαα္ αိႏα·ဴႏွα့္ αα္αိုးαြα္αႈαေαြαုိ αံုးααα္αα်α္ αဲ့ ေαာ္αွα္αဲ့ αာαာျαα ္αါαα္ ။ ( αါေααα့္ αိႏα·ဴαါα ႏွα့္ αα္αိုးαြα္αႈα αါαေαြ α‘αα္းα‘α်α₯္းေαာေႏွာ ေααာ ေαြαααါαα္ ။) ေαααါα αုααΆαာαာαုိ αံုးααိαွိαားαα္αေαာေαါα္αူေαြαာ ေαာေႏွာαႈααုိ αြဲျαား αားαα္ျαီး αုααΆαာαာαα္α α ္α α ္ ျαα ္ႏိုα္αါαα္ ။ ေαာေႏွာေααဲ့ αိαိုးααာ αုααΆαာαာαα္α‘ျαα ္ αα္ααံαΎααါαဲα ။ α‘αွားေαြαိုေαာ္αွα္αΎααါ ။ α‘αူးαျαα့္ αုααΆαာαာαုိ αိုα္α ားαာ αုααΆαာαာαα္ αူαα္ေαြαာ α‘ေαာα္ααုိးαေαးαျαα့္ αα္αα α္ေαာαုααΆαာαာαα္ျαα ္ႏိုα္αါαα္ ။ |
αာααာααာααြα္ ( αုαားααြα့္αα့္αာα ) αါα ၊αီα ၊ ααα αိုαာαွိαါαα္ ။ αုααΆαြα့္αြα္းαွαာ αα α₯ာ ေαးαါးααား ααိα α₯ ααုααΈါα္ααားαုိααုိ αာαΎαားျαီး αိαႆαာ α်α့္α α₯္ေααေαါα္αာαါαα္ ။
| αα္αα္းαွα္αα္းααုα္ ၊ α‘αုα္ααားαါα αုααΆαာαာαွာေαာ့ ေαါαα αုααΆαာ αα္αα္းαွα္αဲ ααုα္αါαူး ။ ( α‘ျαားαာαာ α‘ားαံုးα αိႏα·ဴ ၊αြα္α αα္ ၊ ααα ္αာα္ αာ αα္αα္းαွα္ αါα ျαα ္αါαα္ ) ။ ααၱαါေαြαုိ α်α္းαာေα‘ာα္ αα္းαဲေα‘ာα္αဲ ααုα္ႏ္ိုα္αူး ။ αုαၢိဳα္ ၊ ααၱαါαα ္α₯ီးαα ္ေαာα္αဲα ေαာα္းαႈα ၊αိုးαႈααာ αုαားαဲα αα္αုိαွ ααα္αα္αူး ။ α‘ေαာα္းαဲα α‘αုိး ၊α်α္းαာαဲα αα္းαဲαာ ααားေαာ္α‘αိုα္းαာျαα ္ααα္ ။ ေαာα္းαဲ့ ααား ၊ α်α္းαာေα αα္αဲ့ααား αုိ αΎαံα α္ ေျαာαုိ αုα္αုိα္αဲ့ αူေαြαာ αူေαာα္း ၊αူα်α္းαာျαα ္ျαီး ၊ αေαာα္းαဲ့ αα္းαဲေα αα္αဲ့ ααားေαြαုိ αΎαံα α္ ေျαာαုိ αုα္αုိα္αဲ့ αူေαြαာ αူαိုး αူαα္းαဲေαြ ျαα ္αα္ ။ αုαၢိဳα္ ၊ααၱαါαိုα္း αာ αိαိαဲα ααα်α္းαာေα‘ာα္ ၊ αα္းαဲေα‘ာα္၊ ေαာα္းေα‘ာα္ ၊αိုးေα‘ာα္ αα္αီးေααဲ့ αိαူαာေαြျαα ္αα္ ။ αα ္α₯ီးαα ္ေαာα္αဲα α‘ေαာα္းα‘αိုး ၊α်α္းαာαဲα αα္းαဲ αုိ αုαားαွα္αဲ ααα္ႏိုα္αူး ။ αα္αူαα ္α ံုαα ္ေαာα္ααွαဲ ααα္ႏိုα္αူး ။ αα္αူαျαဳ αိαိ αႈα αုိαဲ့α‘αူα‘α αာ αုααΆαာαာαဲα α‘ေျααံαα္αα္း α‘αူα‘αျαα ္αα္ ။ |
| αုααΆ αာ αာαာααား αုိ αα္αြα္αူααုα္ ။ α‘αွိααာαααားαုိ ေαာ္αုα္αα္းαႊα္ ျαααူ αာ ျαα ္αα္ ။ ααာααဲα α‘αွα္ααား αα α₯ာααား ျαα ္αာေαΎαာα့္ αုαα΅αာαာαα္ေαြα‘αြα္ αα္ααုα္αူး ။ ααာα»ေαααွိ αူαား α‘ားαံုးα‘αြα္ α‘αွα္ααားျαα ္αα္ ။ αα α₯ာααားαုိ ေαာ္αုα္αူαာ ျαα ္αα္ ။ ( α₯ααာ- ααုαα αα α₯ာ ( ααွာ ၊ေαာα) ေαΎαာα့္ αုαα‘αα α₯ာ ျαα ္ααα္ αိုαာ αူαားα‘ားαံုးα‘αြα္ αွα္αα္αα္ ။ αားααီးαုိ α်α ္αဲ့ ααွာ ( ααုαααα α₯ာ) αွိေααာေαΎαာα့္ αားααီးေααα္ αုαα‘ေαာα္αာαဲ ( αုαα‘αα α₯ာ) αီα‘ျαα ္α‘α်α္αာ αူα်ဳိးαေαြး αူαားα‘ားαံုးα‘αြα္ α‘αွα္ααား ျαα ္αα္ ။ αုααΆαာαာαα္α‘αြα္αာ αွα္αာ ααုα္αါαူး ) ။ |
| αα္αွိααၱαါေαြαဲα αာα္ေαာ ၊αုα္αႏαΆာေαြ αါ αα္αာαွ αα္ျαဲαႈαααွိαူး ။ α‘ားαံုးαာ α်α္α ီးαုα္αΎαααα္ αိုαဲ့ α‘ααၱα‘αူαါα αုိ αုα္ေαာ္ေαΎαျαာαα္ ။ α‘ဲαီ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αွိαဲ့α‘αူαါα ( αိႏα΅ဴ / ျαααΌα ) αာ αα္ျαဲαα္ ။ α‘ႏွα ္αာααွိαα္αုိαဲ့ α‘αၱαါα αံုαΎαα္ေααာαုိ ααာေαာ္αွα္ေαးαုα္ျαီး αုα္ေαာ္αဲ့αာαဲ။ |
| αာျαα ္αုိ္α αုαားαိုα ေαααာαဲ αိုαα္ ( αူေαာ္αုိα္αုိααုαား) αုαား α‘αα္αာ αူαာ αဲα α‘αα αုိαဲ့ αါα ိα αား αွα ္αံုးαုိ ေαါα္းα α္ျαီး αုαံေαα္ ျαα္αာα်ား αα္αြα္αားαဲ့ αါα ိαα္ ေαါαာα αα ္αု ျαα ္αα္ ။ αူαာα‘ααα = αုααာ = αုαွာ = αုαွာ = αုαား = αုαား αိုျαီး α‘αံαြα္ α‘αα့္αα့္ α ာαံုးေαါα္းα‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိး ေျαာα္းαာαဲ့ αာαα္ ျαα ္αα္ ။ |
| αုαား αုိαာ ျαα္αာေαြ ေαααဲ့ αာαα္ ၊ αုααΆ αုိαာα αိααα္ေαာ္αဲαွာ αါαဲ့ α‘αα္ ျαα ္αα္ ။ ααားα‘ားαံုး αုိ αုိα္αိုα္αα္း αိျαီးαူ ၊ α‘ျαားαူ αα္ ျαααΌာ ေαြαုိαဲ αိေα‘ာα္ ေαာႏိုα္αူ αုိα α‘αိααΈာα္ααါαα္ ။ |
| αုααΆ αုိαဲ့ α‘αα္αာ ααာα»αိαံုးαဲ့ αာαα္ျαα ္αါαα္ ။ αုααΆ αုိαဲ့ ေαါαာα αာ αုααΆ αာ αုαားαα ္αူαα္းα αိုα္αဲ့α‘αα္ျαα ္αα္ ။ αုαားαုိαဲ့ ျαα္αာေαါαာααေαာ့ αိႏα·ဴ ၊ ααာေααα္ ၊ ααα ္αာα္၊αုααΆαာαာ αုαားေαးα်ဳိးαဲα αိုα္αဲ့ αာαα α‘αα္ျαα ္αα္ ။ |
| ျαα္α ြာαုαားαာ αα္αူ αုိαွ် αα္းαဲေα‘ာα္ ၊α်α္းαာေα‘ာα္ ၊ ααားα ေα‘ာα္ α₯ံဳαြ αုα္αေαးαါαူး ။ αα္းေαးαα္းျαေαးαာαဲ ။ αုိα္αာαဲ့ αူα်α္းαာαα္ ။ αိααΊာα္ေαာα္αα္ ။ αα္αα္αွα္αဲ ααုα္αါαူး ။ αားေαာ္αာαုαာαုိαဲ αွα္ျαဳေαးαα္ ။αံုးααα္ ။ αူααာαူα်α့္αွ ααႏၱာျαα ္αာ ၊ αိေαြးေαာ္ ေαါααီ ααα္းျαဳ ေαးαα္ ။ αူααာαူ ααားα်α့္αုိα ααႏၱေαα္αီααΎαီး ျαα ္ααာ ၊ αီေαာ္ α‘ာαႏα΅ာαဲ αီα‘αိုα္းαဲ ။ αုိα္α်α့္αွ αုိα္ααာαဲ ။ |
| αααΌာαိαိ αုααΆαာαာαα္ αα္ααα္ααွα္းαွα္း α α ္α α ္ျαα ္αုိα αααΊαဳα αααΌာ αααΊဳααΆ ၏ αာαာαα္ ααα့္αံαာ αာαα α‘α်ဳိααုိααα္ αိαိαΎαα္αိဳ ေαးα ားαုိးαြα္ေαာ αုααΆαုα္αြားေαာ္ ၏ ေα‘ာα္αား၌ αြဲαα္αα့္α ြα္αာ α‘ိα္α₯ီးαα္း၌ αα္αားေαာ αα္ ၊αိαΎαား ၊ αုိးေαာ္ ၊αα္ေαာ္ ၊ α‘ေαာα္αα္αွα္α ၊α‘ိα္αြα္းαα္းααာαီαိ ၊ αα္းαΎαီး ၊ αα္းαေαး ၊ αုိးαα္းေα်ာ္ ၊ ααွဲေαး ၊ αူαႆαီ ၊ αြα္αα္ေαါα္ ၊αိαၨာαုိα္ ျαα္αာျαα ္αα္α်ား α‘ျαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားαားαα္α်ား ( FRC αα္α်ား ) αါαα်α္ α αα္αုိααုိ αα္းαီαီး α‘ေαႊးαံααာ α‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိး ျαα့္ αြဲαုိး၍ αူော္αα αုိးαြα္αွိαုိးαာ α‘ားαိုးα ြာျαα့္ αုေαာα္းααၱာαာ αႈαα်ား ျαဳαုα္ေααΎααα္αုိ ေαြαေαααα္ ။ αီα‘ျαဳα‘αူေαြαုိ ေαာ္αွα္αွαာαွ်α္ αုααΆαာαာαα္ α α ္α α ္ျαα ္ေαာ့αα္ ။ ααုုα္αွ်α္ αျαား αုααΆαာαာαα္ျαα ္ေαေαာ့αα္ ။αြα္α်ဴးαာαွ်α္ αုααΆαာαာαα္α‘ျαα ္αွာ ေαွ်ာα်αြားေαေαာ့αα္ ။ ေαααါα αုααΆαာαာαα္ α α ္α α ္ ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ αΎαိဳးα ားαΎααါ ။ α‘ဲαီαုိ αုααΆαာαာα α ္α α ္ ျαα ္αာαွ်α္ ααααံု ေαာα္αα္αႈα αုိααα္း αုαိα α‘ျαα ္α‘ေαးαΎαီးαါေαာ့αα္ ။ |
| ααααံုေαာα္αα္ျαα္း αုααΆαာαာαα္αုိα္းαα္ αုααΆံαααံ αα ာα¦αိ - αααΌံαααံ αα ာα¦αိ - αံαံαααံ αα ာα¦αိ αု ααααံုေαာα္ αα္αါαα္ ။ αုαား ၊ααား ၊αံαာ αုိ αာ αုိးαြα္αα္းαα္αါαα္αု ေαာα္αα္ျαα္း ျαα ္αα္ ။ ( α‘ျαားα‘αာα်ား ααါαα္αါ )။ ααααံုေαာα္αα္αာαြα္αα္း (α) αိαိုးααာ ααααံုေαာα္αα္ျαα္းႏွα့္ (α) ααααံုα α ္α α ္ ေαာα္αα္ျαα္းαုαα္း ႏွα ္α်ဳိးαွိαါαα္ ။ ααααံုαံ αူαα္းα ားႏွα ္α်ဳိး ααααံု αံုးαါး αုိαာ αုαား ၊ααား ၊ αံαာ αုα္αုိ ေαααုိαα္ ။ αα္းαုိ αံαူαိုးαြα္ျαα္း αူူαα္းα ားႏွα ္α်ဳိး αွိαα္ ။ ( α) ααααံုαံαူျαα္း αα္αα္αွ်αာ αူαα္းα ား (αိုးαာααααံု) (α) ααααံု αုိ αံုαΎαα္ေαα ားα ြာ αြားα်ားαံαူျαα္း αူαα္းα ားαα ္α်ဳိး |
αိုးαာαံေαα် ααααံု
ααααံုαံαူျαα္း ( αုαα΅αααံαα ာα¦αိ ၊ αααΌံαααံαα ာα¦αိ ၊ αံαံαααံαα ာα¦αိ αα္αα္αွ်αာ ။ αုα္းေαာ္αΎαီးα ေαွα ααိုေαးαုိα ေαာα္ααုိα္αုိααုိ αုααΆံαααံαα ာα¦αိ α αα္ျαα့္ αုိα္αုိαံαူျαα္းα်ဳိးαို αိုαုိαα္ ။ αာαα္αာαွ်ံαာ αα္αူαΎαားαိျαီးေαာ့ αိα αုိα αုိးαြားαုိα၏ αိုးαာαံαူαΎαα‘αိုα္း αုိα္αုိαာαဲ ျαα ္αα္ ။ α₯ααာ - α‘ေαααာαα္ ၊αွα္ျαဳααα္းαံ ၊ α‘ိα္αα္ααၤαာ ၊ααိα္αြα္ αြα္းေαα½ြး αဲα α‘αုα α‘ိα္αိုα္းαွာ αိုα္αုိα္ျαီးαံαူေααΎααဲ့ ααααံုα်ဳိးαိုαဲ αα ာၱαိαံုαဲα ျαီးαာαဲ ။ α‘ဲαီ ααααံု αံαူαူ αူαα္းα ားα αုααΆ αααΌ αံαာ αွာαွိαဲ့ αုα္ေαာ္ ၏ ေα်းαူးေαာ္α်ား αုိαα္း α‘αွိα‘αိုα္း αα္αာαွ αα္αα္αα ααိ္ေααα့္ αူαိုα αုα္α αာαွိαဲ့
(α) ေαးαα္းα ြα္αα်ဲ αႈαါα္းျαα္း αါααα္ ။
(α) αံαူေαာα္αα္ α်α့္αံုးျαα္း αီααα္
(α) ααိα္ααားαာαူျαα္းး αာααာαα္
α‘ဲαီα‘αႈαα်ဳိးαုိေαာ့ α‘ျαα့္α‘α ံု ျαဳေααာαါαဲ . α‘ဲαီα‘αဲαွာ ေαာα α်α္းαာေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αွα္αα္းαါαα္ ။ α‘αိα္α‘αာ α‘αွားေαြαα္းαါαာαါαဲ ။
α‘ဲαီαုαၢိဳα္α်ဳိးေαြα αုαား ၊ααား ၊ αံαာ αာαα α‘ျαားααါးေαာ ေααα္ ၊ αα္ ၊ αုိးေαာ္ ၊αိαၨာ α αဲ့ αုααΆαာαာ (αααΌာαိαိ ) αိααΊာα္ αα္းαဲα αα္αα်α္αα္ αုိးαြα္αႈαα်ားαုိαဲ αုα္αα္αα္ ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αα္းααာαΎαီးα်ား၏ ေα αုိα္းα်α္ (ေααα်α္းαာ) αြာαα αီ ၊α αα΅ီေααီ ၊α‘α္းαုα္းαိုးေαာ္ ၊α‘ုα္းαီးαα္ ၊ α‘αα္ααားαα္ ၊ αႏွဲေαး α αα္αိုααုိαα္း αိုးαြα္αΎαေαးαα္ ။ α‘ဲαီ့αူေαြ αုိ αုααΆαာαာ α‘α α ္αုိα αေαααူး ။ α‘ဲαီαူေαြ αုိ αုααΆαာαာα‘α α ္ αုိα αေαααူး ။ αျαား αုααΆαာαာαုိα ေααႏိုα္αα္ ။
ααααံုα‘α α ္ ( αုααΆαာαာα‘α α ္ )
ααααံု αုိ αံုαΎαα္ေαးα ားαြားα်ားαံαူαႈααိုαာα αုαား αုα္ေαာ္ (α ) αါး ၊ ααားαုα္ေαာ္ (α) αါး ၊ αံαာ αုα္ေαာ္ ( α)αါး αဲα αါα ိ α‘αα္α်ားαုိ αိေα‘ာα္ ႏႈα္αα္ေαာα္αြα္αα္ ။ေαြးေႏြးေαးျαα္းαα္ ။ αိαႆαာααားαုိαဲ α်α့္αΎαံαြားα်ားαα္ ။ αုαား၊ααား ၊αံαာ αွααါး αိုးααြα္α αာααွိ ၊αုααΆαာαာ ( αααΌာαိαိ ) αဲα αα္αα်α္αဲ့ ေααα္ ၊ααα‘α္ ျαိဳα္αိုα္ ααΎαာေαြαုိ αα္ααံ αα့္α‘ျαα္ αိႏα·ဴαα္α်ား ၊ ျαα္αာျαα္ αွ αα္α်ား ၊ αα္းαΎαီးαα္းαေαး ( FRC αα္α်ား ) αုိαα္း αံုးα α ိα္ααα္α ား αံုαΎαα္ αိုးαြα္αုိα αိုαာ ေααာေαα ။ ααααံု αα္αα္αုိαာ αံုαΎαα္αူ ျαα ္αα္ ။ αုααΆαာαာ α α ္α α ္ ျαα ္αα္ ။
α‘α်ဳိးααံု
αုαား ၊ααား ၊αံαာ αိုααဲα αုα္ေα်းαူးαုိαα္း ααိ αံαူαာαွ် ααားေαြ αံαူ ေαာα္αα္α်α့္αံုးေααΎααဲ့ ααααံု αီα αဲα αါα ေαးαႈαႈααာ α‘α်ဳိးαုα ααα့္αေαာα္ေαာ့ααါαα္ ။ αုααΆαာαာαα္ α‘α α ္αဲαααααံုα‘α α ္ α‘α α ္αံαူαားျαα္း ႏွα့္ ေαာα္αα္ေαာαီα ေαးαႈေαာ αါα αိုααုိေαာ့ αΎαီးα်α္ ျαα့္ျαα္ေαာ α‘α်ဳိးαုိေαာ့ ααႏိုα္αါ ။
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